Wannan takarda ta gabatar da tsarin waldawar feshi na kwalban gilashin na iya yin gyare-gyare daga bangarori uku
Na farko al'amari: da SPRAY waldi tsari na kwalban da iya gilashin kyawon tsayuwa, ciki har da manual fesa waldi, plasma fesa waldi, Laser fesa waldi, da dai sauransu.
Tsarin gama gari na walƙiya mai feshi - walƙiya feshin plasma, kwanan nan ya sami sabbin ci gaba a ƙasashen waje, tare da haɓaka fasaha da haɓaka ayyuka masu mahimmanci, wanda aka fi sani da "micro plasma spray waldi".
Micro plasma fesa walda iya taimaka mold kamfanonin ƙwarai rage zuba jari da kuma sayayya farashin, dogon lokacin da kiyayewa da kuma consumables amfani halin kaka, da kuma kayan aiki iya fesa fadi da kewayon workpieces. Kawai maye gurbin shugaban walda mai feshi zai iya saduwa da buƙatun walda na feshi daban-daban.
2.1 Menene takamaiman ma'anar "nickel-based alloy solder foda"
Rashin fahimta ne don ɗaukar "nickel" a matsayin kayan da aka rufe, a gaskiya, nickel-based alloy solder foda shine gami da ya ƙunshi nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), boron (B) da silicon (Si). Wannan gami yana siffanta shi da ƙarancin narkewar wurinsa, kama daga 1,020°C zuwa 1,050°C.
Babban abin da ke haifar da tartsatsin amfani da foda na tushen nickel (nickel, chromium, boron, silicon) azaman kayan kwalliya a duk kasuwa shine cewa foda na tushen nickel tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan an haɓaka su sosai a kasuwa. . Har ila yau, an sami sauƙin ajiye allunan tushen nickel ta hanyar waldawar iskar gas (OFW) daga farkon matakan su saboda ƙarancin narkewarsu, santsi, da sauƙin sarrafa kududdufin weld.
Oxygen Fuel Gas Welding (OFW) ya ƙunshi matakai guda biyu daban-daban: mataki na farko, wanda ake kira matakin ƙaddamarwa, wanda foda na walda ya narke kuma yana manne da farfajiyar aiki; Narkar da shi don ƙaddamarwa da rage porosity.
Gaskiyar dole ne a kawo cewa abin da ake kira mataki remelting yana samuwa ta hanyar bambancin wurin narkewa tsakanin karfen tushe da kuma nickel alloy, wanda zai iya zama ƙarfe na ƙarfe na ƙarfe mai narkewa tare da narkewar 1,350 zuwa 1,400 ° C ko narkewa. batu na 1,370 zuwa 1,500C na C40 carbon karfe (UNI 7845-78). Bambanci ne a wurin narkewa wanda ke tabbatar da cewa nickel, chromium, boron, da silicon alloys ba za su haifar da remelting na tushe ba lokacin da suke cikin zafin jiki na remelting mataki.
Duk da haka, ana iya samun adadin nickel gami ta hanyar ajiye igiyar waya mai tsauri ba tare da buƙatar tsarin gyarawa ba: wannan yana buƙatar taimakon waldawar plasma da aka canjawa wuri (PTA).
2.2 foda na tushen nickel wanda aka yi amfani da shi don cladding punch/core a cikin masana'antar gilashin kwalba
Don waɗannan dalilai, masana'antar gilashin ta dabi'a ta zaɓi alluran tushen nickel don taurara a saman saman naushi. Za'a iya samun nasarar ƙaddamar da abubuwan haɗin gwiwa na tushen nickel ko dai ta hanyar waldawar iskar gas (OFW) ko kuma ta hanyar fesa harshen wuta mai ƙarfi (HVOF), yayin da ana iya samun tsarin sakewa ta hanyar tsarin dumama shigar da iskar gas ko waldawar iskar gas (OFW) kuma. . Bugu da ƙari, bambancin wurin narkewa tsakanin ƙarfe mai tushe da nickel alloy shine mafi mahimmancin abin da ake bukata, in ba haka ba cladding ba zai yiwu ba.
Ana iya samun nickel, chromium, boron, silicon alloys ta amfani da Plasma Transfer Arc Technology (PTA), kamar Plasma Welding (PTAW), ko Tungsten Inert Gas Welding (GTAW), muddin abokin ciniki yana da taron bita don shirye-shiryen iskar gas.
Tauri na tushen nickel ya bambanta bisa ga buƙatun aikin, amma yawanci tsakanin 30 HRC da 60 HRC.
2.3 A cikin yanayin zafi mai zafi, matsa lamba na tushen nickel yana da girma
Taurin da aka ambata a sama yana nufin taurin a zafin jiki. Koyaya, a cikin yanayin aiki mai girma na zafin jiki, taurin gami da tushen nickel yana raguwa.
Kamar yadda aka nuna a sama, ko da yake ƙaƙƙarfan alluran da aka yi amfani da su na cobalt ya fi na nickel-based alloys a dakin da zafin jiki, ƙayyadaddun abubuwan haɗin gwiwar cobalt sun fi ƙarfin da na tushen nickel a yanayin zafi mai zafi (kamar mold yana aiki. zafin jiki).
Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna canji a taurin nau'ikan foda mai siyarwar gami da ƙara yawan zafin jiki:
2.4 Menene takamaiman ma'anar "cobalt-based alloy solder foda"?
Idan aka yi la'akari da cobalt a matsayin kayan da aka rufe, shi ne ainihin abin da ya ƙunshi cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), tungsten (W), ko cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), da molybdenum (Mo). Yawancin lokaci ana kiranta "Stellite" solder foda, cobalt-based alloys suna da carbide da borides don samar da nasu taurin. Wasu allunan tushen cobalt sun ƙunshi 2.5% carbon. Babban fasalin kayan haɗin gwiwar cobalt shine babban taurin su ko da a yanayin zafi mai girma.
2.5 Matsalolin da aka fuskanta yayin jibge kayan haɗin gwiwa na tushen cobalt a saman naushi / ainihin:
Babban matsala tare da ƙaddamar da kayan haɗin gwiwar cobalt yana da alaƙa da babban abin narkewa. A haƙiƙa, wurin narkewar gawa na tushen cobalt shine 1,375 ~ 1,400 ° C, wanda shine kusan wurin narkewar ƙarfe na carbon da simintin ƙarfe. A hasashe, idan da mun yi amfani da oxy-fuel gas waldi (OFW) ko hypersonic flame spraying (HVOF), sa'an nan a lokacin "remelting" mataki, tushe karfe zai narke.
Zaɓin kawai mai yiwuwa don saka foda mai tushen cobalt akan naushi/core shine: Canja wurin Plasma Arc (PTA).
2.6 Game da sanyaya
Kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama, yin amfani da Oxygen Fuel Gas Welding (OFW) da Hypersonic Flame Spray (HVOF) tafiyar matakai yana nufin cewa an narke foda da aka ajiye a lokaci guda kuma a manne. A mataki na remelting na gaba, ƙullin walda na linzamin kwamfuta yana daɗaɗa kuma an cika pores.
Ana iya ganin cewa haɗin da ke tsakanin tushe na ƙarfe na tushe da ƙwanƙwasa yana da kyau kuma ba tare da katsewa ba. Abubuwan da ke cikin gwajin sun kasance akan layin samarwa (kwalba), naushi ta amfani da walda mai iskar gas (OFW) ko fesa harshen wuta mai ƙarfi (HVOF), naushi ta amfani da arc canjawa wuri na plasma (PTA), wanda aka nuna a cikin iri ɗaya Karkashin sanyaya iska matsa lamba. , Matsakaicin zafin jiki na canja wuri na plasma (PTA) yana aiki ƙasa da 100 ° C.
2.7 Game da inji
Machining wani tsari ne mai mahimmanci a cikin nau'i-nau'i / core samarwa. Kamar yadda aka nuna a sama, yana da matukar wahala a saka foda mai siyar (akan naushi/cores) tare da raguwa mai tsanani a yanayin zafi. Daya daga cikin dalilan shine game da mashin din; machining a kan 60HRC hardness gami solder foda ne quite wuya, tilasta abokan ciniki zabi kawai low sigogi lokacin da saita juya kayan aiki sigogi (juya kayan aiki gudun, feed gudun, zurfin ...). Yin amfani da hanyar waldawa iri ɗaya akan 45HRC gami foda yana da sauƙin sauƙi; Hakanan za'a iya saita sigogin kayan aikin juyawa mafi girma, kuma injin ɗin kanta zai zama sauƙin kammalawa.
2.8 Game da nauyin ajiyar foda foda
Hanyoyi na walƙiya mai iskar iskar gas (OFW) da fesa harshen wuta mai ƙarfi (HVOF) suna da ƙimar asarar foda sosai, wanda zai iya zama sama da 70% a manne da kayan cladding zuwa kayan aikin. Idan busa core spray waldi a zahiri yana buƙatar gram 30 na foda na solder, wannan yana nufin cewa bindigar dole ne ta fesa gram 100 na foda.
Ya zuwa yanzu, ƙimar asarar foda na fasahar canja wurin arc (PTA) ta kusan 3% zuwa 5%. Don wannan cibiya mai hurawa, bindigar walda tana buƙatar fesa gram 32 na foda na solder.
2.9 Game da lokacin ajiya
Oxy-fuel gas waldi (OFW) da supersonic flame spraying (HVOF) lokutan ajiya iri ɗaya ne. Misali, lokacin ajiya da lokacin sakewa na busawa iri ɗaya shine mintuna 5. Fasahar Plasma Canja wurin Arc (PTA) kuma tana buƙatar mintuna 5 iri ɗaya don cimma cikakkiyar taurin saman aikin (arc da ake canjawa wuri plasma).
Hotunan da ke ƙasa suna nuna sakamakon kwatancen tsakanin waɗannan matakai guda biyu da walƙiya arc ɗin plasma (PTA).
Kwatanta naushi na tushen nickel da cladding na tushen cobalt. Sakamakon gwaje-gwajen da aka yi a kan layin samarwa guda ɗaya ya nuna cewa nau'in nau'i na cobalt ya dade sau 3 fiye da nau'in nau'in nickel, kuma nau'in nau'i na cobalt bai nuna wani "lalata" ba.Na uku: Tambayoyi: Tambayoyi. da amsoshi game da hirar da aka yi da Mista Claudio Corni, wani kwararre a fannin walda na feshi na ƙasar Italiya, game da cikakken walƙar feshi na rami.
Tambaya 1: Yaya kauri ne a ka'idar da ake buƙata Layer na walda don cikakken walda mai feshi? Shin Solder Layer kauri yana shafar Aiki?
Amsa 1: Ina bayar da shawarar cewa matsakaicin kauri na waldi Layer shine 2 ~ 2.5mm, kuma an saita amplitude oscillation zuwa 5mm; idan abokin ciniki ya yi amfani da ƙimar kauri mafi girma, ana iya fuskantar matsalar “haɗin gwiwa”.
Tambaya 2: Me ya sa ba za a yi amfani da OSC mai girma ba = 30mm a madaidaiciyar sashe (an shawarta don saita 5mm)? Shin wannan ba zai zama mafi inganci ba? Shin akwai wani mahimmanci na musamman ga 5mm lilo?
Amsa 2: Ina ba da shawarar cewa sashin madaidaiciya kuma ya yi amfani da juyawa na 5mm don kula da yanayin da ya dace akan ƙirar;
Idan aka yi amfani da juzu'i na 30mm, dole ne a saita saurin fesa jinkirin, zafin aikin aikin zai yi girma sosai, kuma dilution na ƙarfe na tushe ya zama mai girma, kuma taurin kayan da aka rasa ya kai 10 HRC. Wani muhimmin la'akari shine sakamakon damuwa akan aikin aiki (saboda yawan zafin jiki), wanda ke ƙara yiwuwar fashewa.
Tare da juyawa na nisa na 5mm, saurin layin yana da sauri, ana iya samun mafi kyawun sarrafawa, an kafa sasanninta masu kyau, ana kiyaye kayan aikin injiniya na kayan cikawa, kuma asarar kawai 2 ~ 3 HRC.
Q3: Menene abubuwan da ake buƙata na solder foda? Wani solder foda ya dace da rami fesa waldi?
A3: Ina ba da shawarar samfurin foda na 30PSP, idan fashe ya faru, yi amfani da 23PSP akan simintin ƙarfe na ƙarfe (amfani da samfurin PP akan ƙirar tagulla).
Q4: Menene dalilin zabar ductile iron? Menene matsalar amfani da baƙin ƙarfe mai launin toka?
Amsa ta 4: A Turai, yawanci mukan yi amfani da baƙin ƙarfe na nodular, saboda nodular cast iron (sunayen Ingilishi guda biyu: Nodular cast iron da Ductile cast iron), ana samun sunan ne saboda graphite ɗin da ke ɗauke da shi yana wanzuwa a sigar siffa ta siffa ta microscope; Ba kamar yadudduka Ƙarfe mai launin toka mai launin faranti (a zahiri, ana iya kiransa daidai da "iron simintin laminate"). Irin waɗannan bambance-bambancen abubuwan haɗin gwiwa sun ƙayyade babban bambanci tsakanin ƙarfe na ductile da baƙin ƙarfe na simintin laminate: sassan suna haifar da juriya na geometric don yaduwa don haka suna samun halayen ductility mai mahimmanci. Bugu da ƙari, nau'in nau'i na graphite, wanda aka ba da adadin guda ɗaya, yana mamaye ƙasa da ƙasa, yana haifar da ƙarancin lalacewa ga kayan, don haka samun fifikon kayan. Dating zuwa farkon amfani da masana'antu a cikin 1948, baƙin ƙarfe ductile ya zama kyakkyawan madadin ƙarfe (da sauran simintin ƙarfe), yana ba da ƙarancin farashi, babban aiki.
Ayyukan watsawa na ductile baƙin ƙarfe saboda halayensa, haɗe tare da sauƙin yankewa da halayen juriya na simintin ƙarfe, Kyakkyawan ja / nauyi rabo
injina mai kyau
maras tsada
Farashin naúrar yana da juriya mai kyau
Kyakkyawan haɗin haɗin gwiwa da kayan elongation
Tambaya ta 5: Wanne ya fi dacewa da dorewa tare da babban tauri da ƙarancin ƙarfi?
A5: Dukan kewayon shine 35 ~ 21 HRC, Ina bayar da shawarar yin amfani da 30 PSP solder foda don samun ƙimar taurin kusa da 28 HRC.
Taurin ba shi da alaƙa kai tsaye da rayuwa mai ƙima, babban bambanci a cikin rayuwar sabis shine yadda ake “rufe m” da kayan da aka yi amfani da su.
Manual waldi, ainihin (al'ada abu da tushe karfe) hade da samu mold ba shi da kyau kamar na PTA plasma, da scratches sau da yawa bayyana a cikin gilashin samar da tsari.
Tambaya 6: Yadda za a yi cikakken fesa walda na ciki? Yadda za a gane da kuma sarrafa ingancin solder Layer?
Amsa 6: Ina ba da shawarar saita ƙananan foda a kan walda na PTA, ba fiye da 10RPM ba; farawa daga kusurwar kafada, kiyaye tazarar a 5mm zuwa walda beads masu kama da juna.
Rubuta a karshen:
A cikin wani zamani na saurin sauye-sauyen fasaha, kimiyya da fasaha ke haifar da ci gaban masana'antu da al'umma; fesa waldi na guda workpiece za a iya cimma daban-daban matakai. Ga masana'anta mold, ban da la'akari da bukatun abokan ciniki, wanda tsari ya kamata a yi amfani da, shi ma ya kamata a yi la'akari da kudin yi na kayan aikin zuba jari, da sassauci na kayan aiki, da kiyayewa da cinyewa halin kaka na daga baya amfani, da kuma ko kayan aiki na iya rufe nau'ikan samfura da yawa. Micro plasma fesa walda babu shakka yana ba da mafi kyawun zaɓi ga masana'antar ƙira.
Lokacin aikawa: Juni-17-2022